What’s it ?

‘Biz Quizz’ is an online twitter quiz wherein questions will be posted as tweets and you have to answer the questions using your twitter handler. It’s a business quiz from Reflexionar, Management Magazine and Powered by ApnaCircle.com

How twitter quiz works?

All one needs to do is login to one’s twitter account, or create one, and follow the twitter handler kweezzz  (https://twitter.com/kweezzz). At the time specified below the quiz will start with tweets as questions. You have to answer the questions by leaving a comment for the tweet. The fastest tweet reply (with correct answer) will fetch you points.

Winners will be decided on the overall scores accumulated.

When is it?

10th august 2013, 10 pm What you need to have? A twitter account and a good internet connectivity (Faster the better!!!). And as far as resources for preparing are concerned- The world is yours with google and Wikipedia by your side.

Any winnings? Yes, There are lots of prizes and goodies up for grabs all given away by ApnaCircle. So free yourself this 10th August 2013, and start tweeting and show your quizzing acumen!

For viewing poster , click 

https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=366348040161405&set=a.174047756058102.36755.173563826106495&type=1&theater

Last edition we covered about a wonderful organization called Nalandaway foundation. This edition we are covering a project by them called orangestreet.in- A unique crowd sourced fund raiser campaign launched by them a year back.

ABOUT Orangestreet-

OrangeStreet.in is an initiative of NalandaWay Foundation, a non-profit that rehabilitates children from exploitative situations from the poorest districts across India through the power of arts. NalandaWay Foundation is supported by UNICEF, World Bank, Tata Teleservices, Airtel, Plan International, World Vision, Save the Children, Ministry of Foreign Office, UK, Deutsche Bank, and others.

What it does?

“OrangeStreet.in” is an online platform that allows any individual or NGO in India to raise funds for social projects. The platform follows a crowd-sourcing model where it provides tools that will help individuals and organisations to create a fund-raising campaign and seek funding from friends, employees, family members and the donor community at large. OrangeStreet.in also assists donors to contribute through all domestic and international credit/debit cards, netbanking, and collects cheques/cash directly from their homes from all major cities in India.

Achievements-

OrangeStreet.in turned one this Feb 22. What started out as a simple idea to help our friends raise funds for their socially engaged arts projects has grown wider, larger and deeper.

OrangeStreet.in has promoted 33 campaigns to support children, women, disability, HIV/Aids, performing arts, documentaries, music and arts. 804 donors from across the world contributed over Rs. 32 lacs in the past one year. Team at orangestreet estimate that these campaigns would have directly impacted over 7000 lives and many more indirectly.

Landmark Project of the Team

One of their very famous project is Petralthan pillaiya campaign in Tamil Nadu

The Petralthan Pillaiya Trust is an initiative to support over 2500 HIV positive children in the state of Tamil Nadu. The Trust was started with the intention of supporting medical insurance for these children. However, with growing access to medication, children are living longer and other issues grow in prominence. Most of these children are born HIV positive. By the time they reach adolescence, their parents have either passed away or are often in no state of health to provide support. The child needs physical, mental and emotional strength to stand on their own.  To this end, the Trust hopes to support nutrition and education, as well as if required, psychological and adolescent counselling and vocational training.

This campaign is spearheaded by Kamal Hasan for the foundation for which orangestreet is a partner.

A total of 7 Lakhs was raised through Orangestreet.in, and another 50 Lakhs through the show in Vijay TV (Neengalum Vellalam Oru kodi- Tamil equivalent of KBC).

If you are interested to start a fundraising campaign, please write to help@orangestreet.in with a brief note about the project. This is a great opportunity for every student to contribute to the society.

K. Ratna Prashanth 

MBA 2012-2014 Batch

WHO WE ARE

NalandaWay works with the children from challenging situations from the poorest districts around the country, helping them voice their issues through theatre, visual arts, music, dance, radio and films. Over 13,700 disadvantaged children and young people in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir are involved in our projects. Our interventions have helped them learn creativity, life skills and self-confidence to create the lives that they truly want to create.

Over the years, NalandaWay Foundation has built lasting relationships and partnerships with UNICEF, World Bank, Novib, Ministry of Foreign Office – UK, US Consulate, World Vision, Save the Children, TATA Indicom, United Way, Deutsche Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Airtel, Forbes Marshall, ITC, Steria, Plan International and other philanthropists.

ACHIEVE THROUGH ARTS – OUR STRATEGY

1.       Arts education – We identify and work with very marginalized children, including street children, destitutes, orphans, juvenile delinquents, children rescued from bonded labour, sex work, conflict areas, refugees, children affected by HIV/AIDS, disabled children and provide them training in arts, theatre, music and media. Art-based training helps them overcome depression, reduce disruptive behaviour and become creative.

2.       Mentoring – Training and mentoring a child through his formative years is of extreme importance. The main role of the mentors is to provide guidance and to be role models to the children, so that they can discuss their personal problems and queries.

3.       Expression and talent promotion – Our work would be incomplete if we did not provide the children we work with a platform to express and showcase their talents. We achieve this through our films, exhibitions, concerts and social campaigns.

TRAINING METHODOLOGY

The workshops act as a way to educate and inspire, bringing to attention a range of issues and contributing solutions for a better future. Participation in the workshops helps to develop:

  • creative thinking skills
  • leadership skills
  • team-building skills
  • self-awareness
  • confidence
  • empathy
  • presentation skills
  • communication skills
  • self-expression
  • social responsibility
  • a space for building relationships
  • self-esteem

We provide training in creative arts like drama, folk arts, fine arts, craft, music, dance, photography, film making and creative writing, based on their interests and talents. We also offer creativity and empowerment training to teachers and staff in the homes run by the government or by NGOs.

We track every child’s progress on identified indicators using a technology-based online system, which is accessible to all stakeholders.

TYPES OF PROGRAMMES OFFERED

  • 1.       School-based long-term programmes – NalandaWay offers structured training programmes for school children fine arts, craft, drama and music. We run one of the most structured and largest fine arts and craft education programme in all the corporation run schools in Chennai. Over 70,000 children will be part of the programme.

 

  • 2.       Community based workshops – We provide training to children from exploitative regions the opportunity to learn an art form like drama, photography, film making and writing to express their challenges and perceptions about issues that affect their community. These productions are presented to the community leaders, district officers, IAS officers and media to ensure that children’s entitlements are met.
  • 3.

       Residential camps – Residential camps are conducted to adolescent children, to help them discover their potential, challenge their assumptions, kindle their creative energies, and promote life-skills learning. These camps are then followed-up through the year through after-school meetings and activities.

 4.       Lecture demonstrations – NalandaWay conducts lecture demonstrations in various arts forms from masters from across the world directly at schools and communities to inform and inspire children in taking an active interest in arts.

5.       Exposition events – NalandaWay conducts various events, exhibitions, competitions, performances through the year that promotes the talents of the children and helps them experience arts.

 WHAT CAN YOU DO

NalandaWay works currently in 21 project locations. Our programmes are implemented directly and through volunteers. Our programmes have impacted the lives of a million children, teachers, parents and other care givers through our training programmes, seminars and events.

You can help us in many ways.

  1. Contribute money to our projects
  2. Volunteer in our activities
  3. Spread the word among your friends and family

If any or all these strike a chord with you, please write in to us at sriram@nalandaway.org

K. Ratna Prashanth 

MBA 2012-2014 Batch

Whatsapp Inc was founded in Silicon Valley in 2009 by 2 geeky guys – (Brian Acton (41) & Jan Koum (37) who spent 20 years at Yahoo Inc. They visualized that someday in future everyone will have a SmartvPhone with WhatsApp for messaging. WhatsApp targeted SMS on mobile phones in the same way Skype targeted International calling on landlines.

On one hand WhatsApp poses a serious threat to SMS providers, but on other hand it benefits the data providers as it encourages subscribers to use data plans. WhatsApp like applications are popularly referred by telcos as “OTT (Over The Top) services” or “Arbitrage Services (since they let you arbitrage between SMS and data pricing)”.

WhatsApp is made available for iPhone, Android, Blackberry, Windows phone, & Nokia so far. iOS users of WhatsApp pay a flat purchase fee of $0.99 (lifetime validity); however other instant messaging applications for Android and Windows phone allow users to download and use it for free for 12 months and then charge a flat rate of $1.

WhatsApp is highly beneficial for International messaging, especially to countries where one SMS costs INR 5. With this app in place, you can do it for free – that’s the cool factor! Most of the users say that they do not bother paying a meager subscription fee for such a good service. Another best thing about WhatsApp compared to other apps is that users are distanced from ads. “When we sat down to start our own thing together three years ago we wanted to make something that wasn’t just another ad clearinghouse. We wanted to spend our time building a service people wanted to use because it worked and saved them money and made their lives better in a small way. We knew that we could charge people directly if we could do all those things. We knew we could do what most people aim to do every day: avoid ads” – say WhatsApp founders.

What’s Up with WhatsApp ??!

They quote – Let’s make WhatsApp available to everyone in the world! WhatsApp is currently into translation – the founders now want the cool app to be available in many languages – Arabic, Danish, Dutch, Farsi, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Urdu and the list continues..

The Competition:

The SMS service has almost become a cash cow for providers/operators. The number of WhatsApp users in India is growing drastically at a time when SMS operators increased their SMS plan costs – as new players left the market and top telcos (especially the trio (A-Vo-Id)) seem intent on making maximum use of this opportunity. (Refer Table 1 and 2). Telcos operators always need to fight such innovative apps coming in future.

Table 1 – SMS Rates (as of Jan 2013):

table 1

Table 2 – SMS charges for NCR and Rajasthan Circle (as of Mar 2013):

table 2

It was in early 2012, after 3 years of incorporation of WhatsApp Inc. that Facebook expressed its interest in buying WhatsApp. Facebook could see the future potential of WhatsApp (the biggest social network on mobile phones). Till the start of 2013, it was keenly trying to acquire it in the same way as it bought out Instagram by paying an extremely high price. But these guys have not heeded yet. And that’s good for WhatsApp Inc.

“Why Selling WhatsApp to Facebook would be the biggest mistake of Jan Koums and Brian Actons lives?” – an article by Eric Jackson on forbes.com says more about it.Early in 2010, some of the best IM apps were – BlackBerry Messenger, Google Talk, Beejive, Trillian, Meebo. Now, there are so many like – Skype, Viber, ChatON, iMessage and WhatsApp has become one of the best alternatives to BBM.

The next big challenge for WhatsApp is to sustain the gradually upcoming threat from Facebook Messenger. Now, the question is – Will WhatsApp sustain the fierce competition and truly evolve as unbeatable cross platform application? I believe it will.

Shivranjani Kumar

BITS Pilani

Mr. Siddharth Malani, an Indian entrepreneur, started ‘Identysol’ in the United Kingdom in the year 2004 after working for more than 9 years in the field of Electronics, Telecoms and IT.

As Mr. Malani puts it, “Smart Solutions for a Smart World.”

‘Identysol’ specializes in Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and other wireless technologies which are becoming more and more relevant in today’s world. In the coming 5 years, ‘Identysol’ aspires to be a major player in the field of wireless technologies, especially cloud based wireless applications. Our vision is to simplify the solutions and make it available to a wider audience by making the technology cheaper and making solutions scalable and practical. Our mission is to make businesses more efficient using wireless technologies and save money and wastage. Mr. Siddharth Malani, based in the UK could be contacted only through e-mail. In an interview with Snehal Bangad, the content coordinator for Reflexionar, he communicated the following:

● Mr. Malani, were there any reasons why you quit corporate life?

Being an engineering graduate and having a good profile and performance what encouraged you to start your own venture? I really did not enjoy working in corporate environment where you have less scope for innovation and less time to experiment. There are few companies which give you that kind of opportunity. For me inventing and entrepreneurship was more exciting than working in a hierarchy in a nice stable job. The other issue was I had a broader experience due to the companies I had worked for during my initial years. I was lucky enough to work in Instrumentation, Automation, Telecoms and IT and entrepreneurship was the next logical step where I could combine all the accumulated knowledge-base and apply it. The other thing that I did not like about larger companies is there was too much politics.

● When did the idea of becoming an entrepreneur come to you?

I had started two small ventures before, one with a friend and then alone. Both were started because I was excited at the prospect of designing something new. Never planned for it, it just happened. One was about to take off well but then I went into a stable job due to financial issues. The first time I realized consciously was when I was laid off in 2002 from a UK based company that was poorly run. It was a startup that had funding of around $30m but still failed. That was a trigger as it hit me and brought me back to the previous ventures. The thought of working for my own company was very appealing.

● How much time did it take you to zero in on this venture?

2 years to start the venture and took another one and a half years before zeroing in on RFID.

● How did you recognize the opportunity for ‘Identysol’?

Initially I started a venture thinking of doing what others were doing, i.e. outsourcing. But it did not meet great success. Then I found RFID which was a growing prospect. There was a lot of hype around it and my skills fitted nicely. I had good hands-on experience with integration, communications and protocols etc which made it easy for me technically to decide on it.

● What are the various services you offer?

We offer solutions around RFID. We also offer integration around other wireless technologies such as Zigbee and mobile technologies for remote monitoring and controls. We are also coming up with a product icantrack.com which is a cloud based solution which will revolutionize Internet-Of-Things concept.

● Who were your team members/partners for Identysol?

The venture was primarily my own. Some friends helped me initially with some aspects of starting up. There are no partners as such but there are friends who have invested.

● What were your sources for financial assistance?

Mainly myself, but some friends have invested some money. I have never taken a business loan. Although in the UK, there are number of schemes which could make us qualified for some sort of government funding, I find it cumbersome and takes up too much time. So it’s almost entirely self funder. At the moment we are planning to grow organically.

● What was your initial investment?

Not a lot – probably a few thousand pounds. Although there was a lot of outside support by working for the company for free. If I am not mistaken the amount invested by myself in terms of unpaid work is close to £400k. i.e. the loss of income in the initial 6-7 years or so.

● What is the trigger for growth of ‘Identysol’?

The trigger is finding the right kind of application that scales up well. RFID is highly contextual so unless you are careful you can do lots of projects and make very little money. Also finding the right people (sales and technical) and getting into right projects.

● What are the resources that you need and how do you accumulate them?

I have over the years build up contacts including suppliers and people who can work for me. I consider the network to be the most important resource for business. Business is done between people, not companies. So building a good network is the key to a successful business. Business events and exhibitions are other places where you find lot of good contacts. It’s important to filter and ensure you are talking to the right guys.

● What is the biggest hurdle that ‘Identysol’ has faced so far?

Initial research and consistent sales and marketing efforts have been major challenges. The issue has been to find the correct sales person who can understand the technology and RFID as it is, is a difficult sell. The other is finding the correct projects that scale well.

● Who are your potential competitors operating in the same domain?

There are several companies such as EKAHAU, UBISENSE etc on RFID front and the bigger companies such as IBM on the Smart Planet bit.

● Who was/were your first customers? How was there response to’Identysol’?

When I started I myself did not have a clear idea. It took me almost a year and a half to hone into RFID. Before that I attempted several things such as getting projects outsourced. One of the first customers was a US based company that needed some electronics communications product to control projectors which we completed successfully. Apparently, the units are still running after 8 years.

● Presently what is on the top of your agenda?

Getting ‘Identysol’ to valued a million dollar company within the next 5 years and a staffing of 100+ people with offices in UK, US and India.

● Would you like to share anything with our readers interested in Entrepreneurship?

1 Firstly, make sure your financial base is strong and do some research.

2 Second, if your base is strong don’t dissipate it by overspending. In other words be careful how you spend money.

3 Third, find the right people for the job. Attend events and build a network.

4 Fourth, start with service and then venture into products. Service is boring but pays the bills, Products are exciting but very hard and expensive to make happen.

5 Fifth, don’t have any plan B. If you have a Plan B then you are planning to fail in Plan A to latch on to Plan B which you would have planned as a safe bet. It may take 2-3 iterations before you get everything right. Surely, it does not make sense to be reckless though, so take calculated risks. Keep the losses in control. Be ready to sacrifice and put your heart, blood and soul into your business. It takes a lot of effort. Read lots of books such as – Think and Grow Rich by Napolean Hill and How to win friends and influence people – Dale Carnegie. They are excellent books that all entrepreneurs should read!

● What would you tell an individual who is studying and wants to start his own venture?”

Do your research. Don’t listen to naysayers. Funnily, I read a great post on a blog the other day – “There are hundreds of paths up the mountain, all leading to the same place, so it doesn’t matter which path you take. The only person wasting time is one running around the mountain, telling everyone that his or her path will lead to nowhere.” If you have an idea go for it- no matter how many other similar products or services are there, you can still make a decent business. More importantly, you will learn business skills and it will be an experience. So go with full force and fail spectacularly and learn from your mistakes and do it again, until you succeed.

 Snehal Bangad  

BITS, Pilani

A nation which is united has the power to bring the change for better. India has been going through transition and passing of new bills, prosperous Gujarat, fight for corruption and Italian marines issue had been breaking news on the news channels for quite a long time. Citizens of India have joined their hands together to eradicate the social taboos from Indian society.

There are many levels of the fruitful efforts which had brought the change. The roots of Corporate Social Responsibility has become strong. There are various schools, hospitals and re-habilitation centres which are being established to equip the human capital consisting of specially abled people and enlighten their lives through education, prosperity and directing their work towards growth of India.  Infosys’s notebook distribution to economically weak students, Tata steel’s Nukkad Natak campaigns against Malaria and Aditya Birla Centre for Community Initiatives and Rural Development have touched the lives of million people. Joining the movement against corruption, demanding justice and exercising the right to information and rights of being a consumer have shaken the system.

Law is one of the powerful estate and had once again shown that if all the rules and regulations are checked timely, then maintaining order and organization will become easier. The Supreme Court’s position on marine issue and final return of marines had enhanced trust on constitution. If India, as a nation has strong position and strength and commitment at international level then the same level of enforcement with in the country can bring a major change in the society and system.

Foreign Direct Investments, reducing repo rate and CRR by RBI by 25 basis points and upcoming Tata-Air Asia joint venture will bring revolution in the market and industry. Though the economy in other countries may not seem to be stable but India is firm to withstand recession and global slowdown. Tata Group, Reliance and Aditya Birla Group have been the strong pillars on which the India is standing today in the world.  Campaigns  like ‘Jagoo Re’ by Tata Tea, ‘Padhega India tabhi to Badhega’ India by Procter &Gamble have attracted large viewers and motivated them to take a step forward to make the system more transparent, efficient and effective.

A recent invitation to UP’s Chief Minister by Harvard University to share the story of successful Kumbh Mela in 2013 and invitation to Gujarat’s Chief Minister to address Google Big Tent Activate Summit, 2013 have shown once again that Indian politicians do have influence and ability to lead the nation in right direction.

Just like a coin, India has another side too. Ignorance of Human rights and social equality is on top in the list. A recent survey by Gallup claiming that 10 million Indians want to migrate to US has again uncovered the grim realities. Better pay, education and quality of life might be the priorities.

Every individual has potential to contribute for nation but can be in different form. Education is one of the strongest tool to realize the dream of India being developed country and super power. Economic reforms, updating technology throughout all the levels and abiding by law are the transition points through which India is going through

Nitish Gupta

 BITS-Pilani

“The comprehensive series of tests will show us whether the proposed battery improvements will work as designed. We won’t allow the plane to return to service unless we’re satisfied that the new design ensures the safety of the aircraft and its passengers” said the transportation secretary Ray LaHood at the announcement of the approval by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the certification plan of the redesign of Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner.

This brings in a sigh of relief for Boeing, reeling under losses which may run in billions of dollars due to the 787 debacle that occurred in January this year, where the 787 Dreamliners had to be grounded due to the incidents that involved failures in the lithium ion battery of the planes. The battery failures resulted in release of flammable electrolytes, heat damage, and smoke on two Model 787 airplanes. This was followed by the FAA announcing a comprehensive review of the 787’s critical systems with the possibility of further action pending new data and information. In addition to the continuing review of the aircraft’s design, manufacture and assembly, the agency would also validate if the 787 batteries and the battery system on the aircraft are in compliance with the special condition the agency issued as part of the aircraft’s certification. auxi

The Federal Aviation Administration and the NTSB had made it clear that a better system is needed after the two battery failures, noting that such an event was expected to happen once in every ten million flight hours. Boeing is considering a short-term solution to the problem focusing on a heavy-duty containment box to replace the relatively simple box now used to hold the lithium-ion cells in each of two electrical bays in the airplane. Those electrical bays are designed to handle a potential fire and protect vital systems from damage. 

It may be observed that Boeing has focused on a short-term solution instead of a long term one due to the cancellation of orders and the backlog of the suppliers it undergoes. The debacle, though unfortunate, may usher in a new era of higher standards and improved methods in order to validate and scrutinize processes before launching them for customers in an industry that is highly monopolised by its players. As the president and chief executive officer of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Day Corner,
explained, “Our proposal includes three layers of improvements. First, we’ve improved design features of the battery to prevent faults from occurring and to isolate any that do. Second, we’ve enhanced production, operating and testing processes to ensure the highest levels of quality and performance of the battery and its components. Third, in the unlikely event of a battery failure, we’ve introduced a new enclosure system that will keep any level of battery overheating from affecting the airplane or being noticed by passengers.”

We hope that these “enhancements” will help in improving the experience of flyers all over the world and improve the safety standards we all desire while travelling by air.

Zaid Bin Ahsan
BITS, Pilani

Derivatives, Warren Buffet reckoned, are financial weapons of mass destruction. But invested-in strategically, they can be used to derive maximum returns in range bound or highly volatile markets. Theoretically, they are financial instruments which derive their value from those of some underlying assets. They do not have any independent value of their own. Derivatives are traded for a variety of reasons with hedging against risk in the spot market being the primary motive of investors to enter derivatives market. Other than hedgers, speculators and arbitrageurs also participate actively in derivatives market aiming to extract high returns from volatility in underlying’s value and differential prices in different markets. Derivatives play a crucial role in stabilising spot prices and helps in price discovery.

There are many classes of derivatives based on the nature and type of underlying asset with Options and Futures being the popular type of derivatives (based on no. of contracts) traded on exchanges in India. While an option contract gives you a right (but is not obligatory on you) to buy (for call option) or sell (for put option) a specific amount of given asset for predetermined price (exercise price) during a specified time, a future contact involves an agreement between two parties to buy or sell a specified asset of standardized quantity and quality at a predetermined price on a future date. Unlike an option contract, a future contract is obligatory on the parties.

Derivatives trading in India started in the year 2000 with the commencement of BSE Sensex futures at BSE and Nifty futures at NSE. Trading in Equity Index options and stock options was also started the following year at NSE. As the derivatives business grew in India, the markets have started offering currency and interest rate derivatives as well. The market has
come a long way since its inception in 2000. Number of Stock/Index option and future contracts traded annually (at NSE) have increased from a mere 0.1 million in FY 2000-01 to more than 1200 million in FY 2011-12.

no of contracts

The average daily turnover in this category has also witnessed a drastic increase from INR 0.11 billion to INR 1259.02 billion during the same period. The market has recorded an impressive CAGR of 34% (in terms of annual turnover) in last five year.

turn

Increased derivative trading can be attributed to discrete periods of range bound behaviour and phases of high volatility in Indian markets. Speculative nature of Indian investors and a drive to hedge investments among money managers has also contributed to the business growth in this segment. Of late, currency options and futures have also start gaining traction slowly.

vol

 

The product composition in derivatives segment has also witnessed major changes since its inception. While the contribution of index and stock futures to the total turnover has gone down drastically in last 12 years, the contribution of index options has recorded an impressive upsurge from 4.2% in the year 2001 to 72.2% in 2012.

contribution

The volume of option contracts traded started growing rapidly in 2008 which is partly attributed to decrease in contract taxes by the government. Backed by high volumes in options segment, the equity derivatives turnover touched a historic level of INR 4 Trillion for
the first time on December 27, 2012. NSE India remains the second largest exchange in the world after Korea exchange in terms of number of Index option contracts traded.

distri

 

The futures segment has continued to tumble over the past few years recording dismal growth rates compared to impressive year-on-year growths recorded by options segment in all these year.

f and q

 

With the analysts forecasting the annual growth rate to be around 20 per cent for the next four years, the dominance of options segment in Indian derivatives market is expected to continue in the years to come.

Ankit Agarwal
BITS Pilani

Sovereign Rating: An Introduction-

The credit rating of an entity is an estimation of ability of banks, financial and non-financial institutions and corporate bodies to service their debt obligations effectively and on time. It analyses various factors or types of risks that affect the ability of these institutions to service their debts. These obligations involve interest and/or principal amount repayments of various rated instruments such as bonds and deposits. Apart from these institutions, credit rating for nations and states within nation is known as ‘sovereign credit rating’. Such rating estimates the future ability of and willingness of the sovereign government to service their commercial and financial obligations in full and on time. These ratings are important as they determine the cost of borrowing credit for a country and it also helps to develop a risk perception for the lender.

The ratings that are assigned to the non-sovereign entities are generally not greater than that assigned to their home countries. These ratings are provided by agencies like – S&P, Fitch, Moody’s etc.

Rating Indicators

Credit rating agencies use indicators that are both quantifiable and qualitative in nature. The former implies measures of economic and financial performance and the latter indicates the factors such as political stability. Quantitative analysis is carried out by assigning weights to the different indicators, which the agencies do not reveal. However, they do provide the list of indicators that substantiate their judgements.

 1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) – Sovereign ratings are directly co related to GDP per capita. Higher level of per capita income indicates greater potential of the tax base of borrowing country and hence greater ability to repay debts.

2. Real GDP growth – A relatively higher rate of economic growth suggests that a country’s existing debt burden will become easier to service over time. This assists the sovereigns to withstand economic and political shocks.

3. Inflation– It indicates the structural problem in government finance. The inability and unwillingness of the government to pay current budgetary expenses through taxes or debt issuance, compels it to resort to inflationary monetary policy. This has an inverse relation to the Sovereign ratings.

4. Fiscal balance– A large fiscal deficit indicates that the unwillingness and inability of the government to tax its citizens to cover the current expenses and service its debts. Scores under this factor are not only the function of surpluses and deficits, but also of revenue and expenditure flexibility and effectiveness of expenditure programmes. Hence, lower cores are assigned where government money is not being spent effectively.

5. External balance– A large current account deficit indicates that the public and private sectors together rely on funds from abroad. Current account deficit that persists, result in the growth in foreign indebtedness. The quantitative measure for this is the current account balance as a percentage of current account receipts (CAR). It is positive for higher rated Sovereigns.

6. External Debt– Complete international investment position of a country is considered. It includes private sector debts, equity liabilities of public sector, and external indebtedness denominated in local as well as foreign currency. Higher debt burden corresponds to higher risk of defaults.

7. Economic development– Although development is measured in terms of per capita income, agencies weigh the relation between economic development and risk. A certain income level or economic development makes a country less likely to default.

8. Default history– A ‘default’ in general is the failure to meet a principal or interest payment on due date. A sovereign default occurs when government either fails to pay scheduled debt service on due date or tenders an exchange offer of new debt with less favourable terms than original issue. Sovereigns with default history take dent on their Sovereign ratings.

9. Political Risk and Sovereign ratings – These form the qualitative aspects based on which agencies judge the countries. These aspects would account for the political and policy developments in nations. A higher grade under this factor implies broad public backing with clear process of succession and transparent conduct of the government also being responsive to changes. Political and external shocks are more likely to disrupt economic policy at lower levels of grading than at the higher level.

 Note: We have only taken the first 6 indicators into consideration to check for the validation of credit ratings. Qualitative aspects being perspective in nature wouldn’t be a part of this research.

 Data and Methodology –

The data has been collected for 98 countries who are rated by both Moody’s and S&P. Required independent variables were collected from reliable sources and its regression analysis was carried out using IBM-SPSS v20.

 Standard and Poor’s

Result for regression analysis with the Rating indicators and the Standard and Poor’s rating-

model summary 1

Now the regression we performed has explained 32.5% of the variance in ratings assigned by S&P. GDP, Fiscal deficit, External debt and Inflation stand out as significant (Sig. <0.05) determinants for S&P sovereign credit ratings.

Moody’s

Result for regression analysis with the Rating indicators and the Moody’s rating-

 model summary 2

Here we see the regression performed has explained 38.9% of the variance in ratings assigned by Moody’s. Real GDP, Fiscal deficit, External debt and Inflation stand out as significant (Sig. <0.05) determinants for S&P sovereign credit ratings.

Conclusion-

We see that the same parameters for regression have explained different variances (as observed from the R2 value) rating awarded by the two firms. One implication of it is the weightage that is associated to these parameters. We also see that Real GDP is a significant parameter in case of Moody’s while for S&P GDP stays more significant as per the research. We believe that the weightage assigned to the qualitative aspects would be a major factor, as it is more notional and hence has been drawing ire from governments across the globe.

Submitted by- Venkat Naveen,

MBA 2012-2014 batch- BITS Pilani.

 

Credits: To my friends and colleagues at BITS Pilani-A V Seshadri, Nitish Gupta, Vikas Bhomia and Zaid bin Ahsan who had worked with me for collating the research data.

Bloomberg Aptitude Test (BAT)                                                        

The Bloomberg Aptitude Test (BAT) is a meritocratic, time-efficient, innovative solution for entry-level finance and business recruiting that helps students level the playing field and positively features on the employers’ radar screens. The BAT is a two hour, 100 question multiple choice test that is presently offered on more than 1,000 campuses around the world. The BAT requires no dedicated preparation as such — it tests one’s aptitude for business and finance and not the knowledge of arcane lingo or formulae that one might quickly learn during orientation. Learn more about how the BAT is redefining entry-level recruiting at  www.taketheBAT.com

With Reflexionar as a medium, Bloomberg Institute would like to extend its gratitude to Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani for the warm welcome rendered in promoting the BAT. BITS has proven to be a college of great standing and reputation with the curriculum designed around the best practices in the industry, making it a preferred destination for employers. So far, BITSIANs have had 47 connections from the BAT exam conducted across the campuses.

The BAT is planned to be conducted on a regular basis at BITS Pilani, through which the students not only get an opportunity to assess and outshine themselves as compared to their peers, but also get connected with more than 20,000 organizations in multifarious businesses across the world for internships and placements.

Bloomberg Institute looks forward to continuing a long and fruitful partnership with BITS Pilani built on collaboration, innovation and our belief in the virtues of knowledge and education that we would love to share through different mediums, Reflexionar being one.

 summy

Summy Kataria

Country Manager- University Relations

Bloomberg Institute

+91-9004 510286

 

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